| |
"Many vital processes depend on the movement of ions across cell
membranes. The exchange of sodium for potassium across membranes
around nerve muscle cells is the mechanism by which nerve
impulses are transmitted and by which muscle contraction
occurs". (American Medical Association’s Encyclopedia of
Medicine)
Ionic minerals - An ion is an atom or a group of atoms,
and is the smallest particle that can encapsulate a mineral and
carries a electrical charge. Ionic minerals are the preferred
supplement as they do not require stomach acid for absorption
because they are neither bound into salts that require
dissolution nor bound to organic molecules that require
digestion. They are ready, as is, for transport across the
stomach wall, into the body where they are needed. Ionic
minerals are therefore especially useful for the elderly and for
people with impaired digestion.
(A.G.Schauss Ph.D.)
Source: Mark T. Nielsen , Professor. Department of
Biology, University of Utah
Energy is an important factor in the function of our bodies. We
often say, "I am lacking energy" or "I wish I had more energy."
But, what is energy? Simply defined, energy is the capacity to
do work. or to place matter into motion. It is the use of energy
by our body that creates the quality we call "life." There are
many forms of energy used by our bodies: chemical energy,
electrical energy.. mechanical energy and electromagnetic
energy. This article will analyze the form of energy called
electrical energy or electricity. It will also describe how
substances obtained in our diets are responsible in generating
this form of energy.
Electricity is a fundamental entity of nature consisting of
negative and positive particles exhibiting attractions and
repulsions. These attractions and repulsions manifest themselves
as movements of these charged particles, or in other words --
electrical current. This form of energy plays a critical role in
the proper function of our body.
The key players in creating the electric energy within our body
are structures called ions. An ion is an atom or group of atoms
carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost
one or more valence electrons. Valence electrons are those
electrons in the outer ring of electrons orbiting the nucleus of
the atom. Ions may exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous
environments, although those in liquid are more common and
familiar.
Ions existing in a liquid state are electrolytes. An electrolyte
is any compound that, in solution, conducts electricity and is
decomposed or electrolyzed by the electricity. This form of
compound is ionizable in solution.
Electrolytes, or in other words compounds that are ionizable in
solution, play an essential role in many body functions. Cells
create electrical energy as ions move from the solutions inside
the cells of our body to the solutions outside the cells. This
form of energy is necessary in the normal function of many body
systems. For example, the nervous system uses electrical energy,
termed nerve impulses, to transmit messages from one cell in the
body to another cell in the body. This manifests as muscle
movement. glandular secretion, excretion. temperature
regulation. and even mental thought. Let us analyze, in more
detail, the role of certain ions in some body functions.
In the body, fluids both inside and outside the cells are
electrolyte solutions. This means they are water suspensions of
ions. The electrolyte solutions both inside and outside the
cells contain equal amounts of positive (cations) and negative
(anions) ions making the body as a whole electrically neutral.
The limiting boundary of the cell, the cell membrane, separates
these ionic solutions.
Generally, a very small excess of anions accumulates immediately
inside the cell membrane along its inner surface, and an equal
number of cations accumulates immediately outside the cell
membrane. This is the resting state of the cell. This difference
in ion concentration on the adjacent surfaces of the cell
membrane creates an electrical energy potential or
electrochemical gradient. This is very similar to a battery
where one end has a larger concentration of positively charged
particles and the other end a greater concentration of
negatively charged particles. Completing the circuit by
connecting the ends of the battery allows charged particles to
move between the two ends creating energy as an electrical
current. A similar energy source arises in the body as charged
ions move across the cell membrane.
In our bodies, the nervous and muscular systems use the
electrolyte properties of ionic sodium and potassium, assisted
by lesser trace elements (e.g. copper) to generate currents
across the membranes of their- cells. This current, or movement
of charged particles, results from the electrochemical gradient
set up across the cell membrane. The electrochemical gradient
sets up the two types of movement that produce the current. The
chemical gradient results in the passive movement of ions from a
region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration. The electrical gradient creates a movement of
ions of one charge to an area of ions of the opposite charge.
The result of this current is the transmission of nerve impulses
and the contraction of muscle tissue.
The ionic particles of the nervous impulse can be visualized in
the following simplified process. Neurons, the conducting cells
of the nervous system, communicate by generating and propagating
action potentials. An action potential is an abrupt pulse-like
change in the positivenegative charge differential on either
side of the nerve cell membrane. This results in a change of the
resting potential of the cell. This can be caused by any factor
that suddenly increases the permeability of the cell membrane
for positively charged sodium ions. This movement of ions
results in a flow of charged particles into and out of the cell,
creating an electrical current. The replication of this process
to adjacent areas of the cell membrane forms the electrical
message, or nervous impulse, that moves along the nerve cell
toward another cell in the body. This propagated action
potential then becomes the energy source that initiates body
functions ranging from muscle contraction to creative thought.
Ions, as we can see, play an important role in the body.
Calcium, potassium. sodium, chloride. and copper ions are some
key ions that participate in the bodv's electrical events.
Potassium is the major positive ion inside the cell. Sodium is
the major positive ion found in the fluid outside the cell.
Ionic chlorine is the most abundant negative ion. Imbalances of
any of these ions or certain trace ions in the body or
inhibition of sodium ion transport across the cell membranes can
lead to dysfunction in the conduction of electrical messages.
This dysfunction quickly leads to a general body disturbance and
loss of ability to maintain somewhat stable internal conditions.
We then come back to the problem we faced when we started this
article saving. "We just do not have enough energy." |
| |
|
|
|